Accordingly, early warning of stress will be more easily seen at the species level, although shifts here should be accompanied by changes in the rare of respiration and/or decomposition, which are more difficult to detect in large systems. When stress is detectable at the ecosystem level, there is a real cause for alarm... (omit the rest)
よくよく見れば，Levin 1984が出たのと，ほぼ同時期。
